Ulyanovsk Medico-biological Journal

Клиническая медицина

Скачать статью

DOI 10.23648/UMBJ.2018.31.17217

УДК 618.146:618.19:616-006.04

 

СКРИНИНГ ОПУХОЛЕВЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ ОРГАНОВ РЕПРОДУКТИВНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ: ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

 

В.Е. Радзинский1, И.П. Аминодова2, Д.С. Крючко2

1ГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов», г. Москва, Россия;

2АНО «Медицинский центр «Белая роза», г. Иваново, Россия

e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Актуальность проблемы скрининга опухолевых заболеваний репродуктивных органов (ОЗРО) обусловлена высокими показателями заболеваемости, тенденцией к «омоложению», неудовлетворительными результатами терапии. В России показатели активного выявления ОЗРО, диагностики в преинвазивной и ранней стадиях остаются низкими, оказывая неблагоприятное влияние на качество и продолжительность жизни пациентки и ее репродуктивную функцию.

Цель исследования. На основании анализа литературных источников установить причины неэффективности скрининга опухолевых заболеваний репродуктивных органов.

Результаты. Библиографический анализ современных принципов и методов скрининга показал, что основными причинами неудовлетворительных показателей скрининга и ранней диагностики ОЗРО следует считать низкие показатели скринингового охвата, противоречивость законодательной базы, несогласованность времени начала, окончания обследования и скринингового интервала, отсутствие единой информационной базы с возможностью фиксации и архивирования результатов обследования, нарушение логистики обмена данными проведенных исследований, выраженный диссонанс диагностических возможностей в различных регионах, отсутствие комплексного подхода и единой программы скрининга в масштабах страны.

Выводы. Одним из возможных вариантов решения существующей проблемы может стать выполнение комплексного диагностического обследования с одновременной оценкой состояния всех органов репродуктивной системы, включая молочные железы, с целью своевременного выявлении ОЗРО с формированием групп риска опухолевой патологии и коррекцией тактики ведения.

Ключевые слова: скрининг, рак молочной железы, рак шейки матки, опухолевые заболевания репродуктивных органов.

Литература

  1. Каприн А.Д., Старинский В.В., Александрова Л.М., Чиссов В.И., Балашов П.Ю., Лутковский А.С., Савинов В.В. Развитие онкологической помощи в Российской Федерации в свете выполнения государственных программ. Российский медицинский журнал. 2015; 2: 4–9.

  2. Каприн А.Д., Рожкова Н.И., ред. Национальное руководство по маммологии. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2016.

  3. Jeronimo J., Castle P.C., Temin S., Surendra S.Sh. Secondary Prevention of Cervical Cancer: ASCO Resource-Stratified Clinical Practice Guideline. JGO. 2016. October 12.

  4. Andersen Z.J., Jørgensen J.T., Grøn R., Brauner E.V., Lynge E. Active smoking and risk of breast cancer in a Danish nurse cohort study. BMC Cancer. 2017; 17 (1): 556. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3546-4.

  5. Mitra A., MacIntyre D.A., Marchesi J.R., Lee Y.S., Bennett Ph.R., Kyrgiou M. The vaginal microbiota, human papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: what do we know and where are we going next? Microbiome. 2016; 4: 58.

  6. Piroozmand A., Mostafavi Zadeh S.M., Madani A., Soleimani R., Nedaeinia R., Niakan M., Avan A., Manian M., Moradi M., Eftekhar Z. The association of high risk human papillomaviruses in patients with cervical cancer: an evidence based study on patients with squamous cell dysplasia or carcinoma for evaluation of 23 human papilloma virus genotypes. Jundishapur J. Microbiol. 2016; 9 (4): e32728.

  7. Андреева Е.Н., Рожкова Н.И., Соколова Д.А. Доброкачественные дисплазии молочных желез: патогенетический вектор лечения. Обзор исследований, клинические рекомендации: информационный бюллетень. М.: Редакция журнала StatusPraesens; 2016. 24.

  8. Каприн А.Д., Старинский В.В., Петрова Г.В., ред. Состояние онкологической помощи населению России в 2016 г. М.; 2017. 452.

  9. Аксель Е.М. Заболеваемость и смертность от злокачественных новообразований органов женской репродуктивной системы в России. Онкогинекология. 2015; 1: 6–15.

  10. Короленкова Л.И. Цервикальные интраэпителиальные неоплазии и ранние формы рака шейки матки: клинико-морфологическая концепция цервикального канцерогенеза. М.; 2017. 300.

  11. Бебнева Т.Н., Радзинский В.Е., Костин И.Н., Покуль Л.В. Тактика ведения беременных женщин с предраковыми процессами шейки матки. Доктор.Ру. 2017; 9 (138): 33–37.

  12. Аляутдина О.С., Синицына О.В. Оптимизация диагностики рака шейки матки. Российский медицинский журнал. 2015; 6: 25–27.

  13. Роговская С.И. Практическая кольпоскопия. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2016. 240.

  14. Димитриади Т.А., Кит О.И., Бурцев Д.В. Скрининг рака шейки матки. Мировой опыт. Ситуация в России. Известия ВУЗов. Северо-Кавказский регион. Естественные науки. 2017; 4 (2): 26–31.

  15. Гажонова В.Е., Виноградова Н.Н., Зубарев А.В. Скрининг рака молочной железы: состояние, проблемы и пути решения. Кремлевская медицина. Клинический вестник. 2017; 3: 6–11.

  16. Семиглазов В.Ф., Мерабишвили В.М., Семиглазов В.В., Комяхов А.В., Демин Е.В., Атрощенко А.В., Харитонов М.В. Эпидемиология и скрининг рака молочной железы. Вопросы онкологии. 2017; 3 (63): 375–384.

  17. Brun-Micaleff E., Coffy A., Rey V., Didelot M.N., Combecal J., Doutre S., Daurès J.P., Segondy M., Boulle N. Cervical cancer screening by cytology and human papillomavirus testing during pregnancy in French women with poor adhesion to regular cervical screening. J. Med. Virol. 2014; 86 (3): 536–545.

  18. Байрамова Г.Р., Файзуллин Л.З., Королькова А.И., Полозников А.А., Киселев В.И. Скрининг рака шейки матки: что нового в мировой практике. Акушерство и гинекология. 2016; 7: 17–21.

  19. Комарова Л.Е. Маммографический скрининг (состояние вопроса и перспективы). Российский онкологический журнал. 2015; 20 (4): 9–15.

  20. Семикопенко В.А. Стратегия и контра-версии скрининга доброкачественных заболеваний и рака молочной железы. Исследования и практика в медицине. 2017; 2: 83.

  21. Минкина Г.Н. Цитологический скрининг рака шейки матки: от традиционного ПАП-теста к компьютерным технологиям. Акушерство, гинекология и репродукция. 2017; 1 (11): 56–63.

  22. Oeffinger K.C., Fontham E.T., Etzioni R., Herzig A., Michaelson J.S., Shih Y.C. Breast cancer screening for women at average risk: 2015 guideline update from the American. Cancer Society. 2015; 314 (15): 1599–1614.

  23. Бурчаков Д.В. Новые и модифицируемые факторы риска заболеваний молочной железы. Эффективная фармакотерапия. Акушерство и гинекология. 2017; 2: 22–27.

  24. Радзинский В.Е., ред. Медицина молочной железы и гинекологические болезни. М.: Редакция журнала Status Praesens; 2017. 352.

  25. Белокриницкая Т.Е., Фролова И.И., Тарбаева Д.А., Глотова Е.Ю., Золотарева А.А., Мальцева Т.В. Конфаундинг-факторы папилломавирусной инфекции и цервикальной дисплазии у молодых женщин. Доктор.Ру. 2015; 14 (115): 7–12.

  26. Cuzick J., Sestak I., Bonanni B., Costantino J.P., Cummings S., DeCensi A., Dowsett M., Forbes J.F., Ford L., LaCroix A.Z., Mershon J., Mitlak B.H., Powles T., Veronesi U., Vogel V., Wickerham D.L. Selective oestrogen receptor modulators in prevention of breast cancer: an updated meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet. 2013; 381 (9880): 1827–1834.

  27. Роговская С.И., Липова Е.В. Шейка матки, влагалище, вульва. Физиология, патология, кольпоскопия, эстетическая коррекция: руководство. М.; 2016. 832.

  28. Высоцкая И.В., Летягин В.П., Черенков В.Г., Лактионов К.П., Бубликов И.Д. Клинические рекомендации РООМ по профилактике РМЖ, дифференциальной диагностике, лечению предопухолевых и доброкачественных заболеваний молочных желез. М.: Российское общество онкомаммологов; 2015. 21.

  29. Wright T.C., Stoler M.H., Behrens C.M., Sharma A., Zhang G., Wright T.L. Primary cervical cancer screening with human papillomavirus: end of study results from the ATHENA study using HPV as the first-line screening test. Gynecol. Oncol. 2015; 136 (2): 189–197.

  30. Shawky M.S., Martin H., Hugo H.J. Mammographic density: a potential monitoring biomarker for adjuvant and preventative breast cancer endocrine therapies. Oncotarget. 2017; 8 (3): 5578–5591. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13484.

  31. Бебнева Т.Н., Муйжнек Е.Л., Роговская С.И., Киселев В.И., Ашрафян Л.А. Патогенетическое лечение неопластических процессов шейки матки: новые подходы. Доктор.Ру. 2016; 3 (120): 9–14.

  32. Сингер А., Хан А. Предраковые заболевания шейки матки, влагалища и вульвы: пер с англ. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2017. 312.

  33. Jeffers A.M., Sieh W., Lipson J.A., Rothstein J.H., McGuire V., Whittemore A.S., Rubin D.L. Breast cancer risk and mammographic density assessed with semiautomated and fully automated methods and BI-RADS. Radiology. 2017; 282 (2): 348–355. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016152062.

  34. Hooley R.J. Breast density legislation and clinical evidence. Radiol. Clin. North. Am. 2017; 55 (3): 513–526. DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2016.12.006.

  35. Беспалов В.Г., Негусторов Ю.Ф. Маммографическая плотность как критерий эффективности лечения мастопатии и снижения риска рака молочной железы. Опухоли женской репродуктивной системы. 2017; 13: 35–40.

  36. Сырцова Л.Е., Семикопенко В.А. Законодательная база этапа скрининга в организации онкологической помощи при доброкачественных заболеваниях и раке молочной железы. Евразийский союз ученых. 2016; 4–3 (25): 130–139.

  37. Bae J.M., Kim E.H. Breast density and risk of breast cancer in asian women: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J. Prev. Med. Public Health. 2016; 49 (6): 367–375. DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.16.054.PMID: 27951629.

  38. Hauge I.H., Pederson K., Olerud H.M., Hole E.O., Hofvind S. The risk of radiation – induced breast cancers due to biennial mammographic screening in women aged 50–69 years is minimal. Acta Radiol. 2014; 55 (10): 1174–1179.

  39. Sawaya G.F., Kulasingam S., Denberg T., Qaseem A. Cervical cancer screening in average-risk women. Ann. Intern. Med. 2015.

  40. Jahic М., Jahic Е. The diagnostic approach to patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance Pap on the cervix. Med. Arh. 2016; 70 (4): 296–298.

  41. Chou H.H., Huang H.J., Cheng H.H., Chang C.J., Yang L.Y., Huang C.C., Cheng-Tao Lin, Jian-Tai Qiu. Self-sampling HPV test in women not undergoing Pap smear for more than 5 years and factors associated with under- screening in Taiwan. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 2016; 115 (12): 1089–1096.

  42. Fang H.F., Miao N.F., Chen C.D., Sithole T., Chung M. Risk of cancer in patients with insomnia, parasomnia, and obstructive sleep apnea: a nationwide nested case-control study. J. Cancer. 2015. 6 (1): 1140–1147.

  43. Cobucci R., Maisonnette M., Macedo E., Filho F.C., Nóbrega M.M., Gonçalves A.K.S. Paptest accuracy and severity of squamous intraepithelial lesion. Indian J. Cancer. 2016. 53 (1): 74–76.

  44. Марочко К.В. Чувствительность методов исследования в выявлении цервикальной интраэпителиальной неоплазии и рака шейки матки. Российский медицинский журнал. 2016; 2: 51–55.

  45. Agorastos T., Chatzistamatiou K., Katsamagkas T., Koliopoulos G., Daponte A., Constantinidis T., Constantinidis T.C. Primary screening for cervical cancer based on high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and HPV 16 and HPV 18 genotyping, in comparison to cytology. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (3): e0119755.

  46. Ma'som M., Bhoo-Pathy N., Nasir N.H., Bellinson J., Subramaniam S., Ma Y., Yap S.H., Goh P.P., Gravitt P., Woo Y.L. Attitudes and factors affecting acceptability of self-administered cervicovaginal sampling for human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping as an alternative to Pap testing among multiethnic Malaysian women. BMJ Open. 2016; 6 (8): e011022.

  47. Wong E.L.Y., Chan Paul K.S., Chor J.S.Y., Cheung A.W.L., Huang F., Wong S.Y.S. Evaluation of the impact of human papillomavirus DNA self-sampling on the uptake of cervical cancer screening. Cancer Nurs. 2016; 39 (1): 1–11.

  48. Murphy J., Kupets R., Elit L., Kapusta L., Nation J., Senikas V. Clinical Guidance: Recommended Best Practices for Delivery of Colposcopy Services in Ontario. Guidelines&Advice. 2016.

  49. Доброкачественные и предраковые заболевания шейки матки с позиции профилактики рака. Клинические рекомендации (протоколы диагностики и ведения больных). М.; 2017. 53.

  50. Naomi Fujioka, Vincent Fritz, Pramod Upadhyaya, Fekadu Kassieand, Stephen S. Hecht. Research on cruciferous vegetables, indole-3-carbinol, and cancer prevention: A tribute to Lee W. Wattenberg. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2016; 60: 1228–1238.

  51. Kyrgiou M., Mitra A., Moscicki A.B. Does the vaginal microbiota play a role in the development of cervical cancer? Transl. Res. 2017; 179: 168–182.

  52. Valle I., Tramalloni D., Bragazzi N.L. Cancer prevention: state of the art and future prospects. J. Prev. Med. Hyg. 2015. 10 (56): 21–27.

  53. Giannella L., Mfuta K., Gardini G., Rubino T., Fodero C., Prandi S. High-grade CIN on cervical biopsy and predictors of the subsequent cone histology results in women undergoing immediate conization. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2015; 186: 68–74.

 

Download  article

DOI 10.23648/UMBJ.2018.31.17217

SCREENING OF TUMOR DISEASES OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: POSSIBILITIES AND PROSPECTS

 

V.E. Radzinskiy1, I.P. Aminodova2, D.S. Kryuchko2

1People’ Friendship University of Russia – RUDN University, Moscow, Russia;

2Women’s health center Belaya Roza, Ivanovo, Russia

e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

The urgency of reproductive system tumor disease (RSTD) screening is caused by high incidence rates, a tendency to renewal of youth, and unsatisfactory therapeutic results. In Russia, indicators of RSTD active detection and diagnosis during preinvasive and early stages remain low. Thus, such diseases adversely affect the women’s quality of life, life expectancy and reproductive function.

The objective of the paper is to establish the reasons for the inefficiency of RSTD screening analyzing the literature available.

Results. Literature analysis of modern screening principles and methods has shown that the main reasons for unsatisfactory RSTD screening and early diagnosis are low screening rates, legislative framework inconsistency, maladjustment at the beginning and the end of examination as well as in screening interval, lack of a single information base where all survey results are recorded and stored, problems in data exchange based on undertaken studies, profound diagnostic limitations in different regions, lack of an integrated approach and a single national screening program.

Conclusion. One of the possible solutions to the existing problem can be a comprehensive diagnostic examination with a simultaneous assessment of all organs of the reproductive system, including mammary glands, in order to timely identify RSTD, form risk groups for tumor pathology and correct management.

Keywords: screening, breast cancer, cervical cancer, reproductive system tumor diseases.

References

  1. Kaprin A.D., Starinskiy V.V., Aleksandrova L.M., Chissov V.I., Balashov P.Yu., Lutkovskiy A.S., Savinov V.V. Razvitie onkologicheskoy pomoshchi v Rossiyskoy Federatsii v svete vypolneniya gosudarstvennykh programm [Development of oncological care in the Russian Federation in view of public programs implementation]. Rossiyskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal. 2015; 2: 4–9 (in Russian).

  2. Kaprin A.D., Rozhkova N.I. Natsional'noe rukovodstvo po mammologii [National guidelines on mammology]. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2016 (in Russian).

  3. Jeronimo J., Castle P.C., Temin S., Surendra S.Sh. Secondary Prevention of Cervical Cancer: ASCO Resource-Stratified Clinical Practice Guideline. JGO. 2016. October 12.

  4. Andersen Z.J., Jоrgensen J.T., Grоn R., Brauner E.V., Lynge E. Active smoking and risk of breast cancer in a Danish nurse cohort study. BMC Cancer. 2017; 17 (1): 556. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3546-4.

  5. Mitra A., MacIntyre D.A., Marchesi J.R., Lee Y.S., Bennett Ph.R., Kyrgiou M. The vaginal microbiota, human papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: what do we know and where are we going next? Microbiome. 2016; 4: 58.

  6. Piroozmand A., Mostafavi Zadeh S.M., Madani A., Soleimani R., Nedaeinia R., Niakan M., Avan A., Manian M., Moradi M., Eftekhar Z. The association of high risk human papillomaviruses in patients with cervical cancer: an evidence based study on patients with squamous cell dysplasia or carcinoma for evaluation of 23 human papilloma virus genotypes. Jundishapur J. Microbiol. 2016; 9 (4): e32728.

  7. Andreeva E.N., Rozhkova N.I., Sokolova D.A. Dobrokachestvennye displazii molochnykh zhelez: patogeneticheskiy vektor lecheniya. Obzor issledovaniy, klinicheskie rekomendatsii: informatsionnyy byulleten' [Benign mammary dysplasia: a pathogenetic vector of treatment. Review, clinical recommendations: information newsletter]. Moscow: Redaktsiya zhurnala StatusPraesens; 2016. 24 (in Russian).

  8. Kaprin A.D., Starinskiy V.V., Petrova G.V. Sostoyanie onkologicheskoy pomoshchi naseleniyu Rossii v 2016 g [Oncological care in Russia in 2016]. Moscow; 2017. 452 (in Russian).

  9. Aksel' E.M. Zabolevaemost' i smertnost' ot zlokachestvennykh novoobrazovaniy organov zhenskoy reproduktivnoy sistemy v Rossii [Incidence rate and mortality from malignant tumors of the female reproductive system in Russia]. Onkoginekologiya. 2015; 1: 6–15 (in Russian).

  10. Korolenkova L.I. Tservikal'nye intraepitelial'nye neoplazii i rannie formy raka sheyki matki: kliniko-morfologicheskaya kontseptsiya tservikal'nogo kantserogeneza [Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and early forms of cervical cancer: clinical and morphological concept of cervical carcinogenesis]. Moscow; 2017. 300 (in Russian).

  11. Bebneva T.N., Radzinskiy V.E., Kostin I.N., Pokul' L.V. Taktika vedeniya beremennykh zhenshchin s predrakovymi protsessami sheyki matki [Management of pregnancy in patients with precancerous cervical lesions]. Doktor.Ru. 2017; 9 (138): 33–37 (in Russian).

  12. Alyautdina O.S, Sinitsyna O.V. Optimizatsiya diagnostiki raka sheyki matki [Optimization of cervix cancer diagnostics]. Rossiyskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal. 2015; 6: 25–27 (in Russian).

  13. Rogovskaya S.I. Prakticheskaya kol'poskopiya [Practical colposcopy]. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2016. 240 (in Russian).

  14. Dimitriadi T.A., Kit O.I., Burtsev D.V. Skrining raka sheyki matki. Mirovoy opyt. Situatsiya v Rossii [Screening of cervical cancer. World experience, situation in Russia]. Izvestiya VUZov. Severo-Kavkazskiy region. Estestvennye nauki. 2017; 4 (2): 26–31 (in Russian).

  15. Gazhonova V.E., Vinogradova N.N., Zubarev A.V. Skrining raka molochnoy zhelezy: sostoyanie, problemy i puti resheniya [Breast cancer screening: state of the matter and solutions]. Kremlevskaya meditsina. Klinicheskiy vestnik. 2017; 3: 6–11 (in Russian).

  16. Semiglazov V.F., Merabishvili V.M., Semiglazov V.V., Komyakhov A.V., Demin E.V., Atroshchenko A.V., Kharitonov M.V. Epidemiologiya i skrining raka molochnoy zhelezy [Epidemiology and screening for breast cancer]. Voprosy onkologii. 2017; 3 (63): 375–384 (in Russian).

  17. Brun-Micaleff E., Coffy A., Rey V., Didelot M.N., Combecal J., Doutre S., Daurès J.P., Segondy M., Boulle N. Cervical cancer screening by cytology and human papillomavirus testing during pregnancy in French women with poor adhesion to regular cervical screening. J. Med. Virol. 2014; 86 (3): 536–545.

  18. Bayramova G.R., Fayzullin L.Z., Korol'kova A.I., Poloznikov A.A., Kiselev V.I. Skrining raka sheyki matki: chto novogo v mirovoy praktike [Screening of cervical cancer: What’s new in world practice]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiya. 2016; 7: 17–21 (in Russian).

  19. Komarova L.E. Mammograficheskiy skrining (sostoyanie voprosa i perspektivy) [Mammographic screening (state of the art and perspectives)]. Rossiyskiy onkologicheskiy zhurnal. 2015; 20 (4): 9–15 (in Russian).

  20. Semikopenko V.A. Strategiya i kontra-versii skrininga dobrokachestvennykh zabolevaniy i raka molochnoy zhelezy. Issledovaniya i praktika v meditsine [Screening strategy and contra-version of breast benign diseases and cancer]. 2017; 2: 83 (in Russian).

  21. Minkina G.N. Tsitologicheskiy skrining raka sheyki matki: ot traditsionnogo PAP-testa k komp'yuternym tekhnologiyam [Cytological screening of the cervical cancer: from the traditional PAP-test to computer technologies]. Akusherstvo, ginekologiya i reproduktsiya. 2017; 1 (11): 56–63 (in Russian).

  22. Oeffinger K.C., Fontham E.T., Etzioni R., Herzig A., Michaelson J.S., Shih Y.C. Breast cancer screening for women at average risk: 2015 guideline update from the American. Cancer Society. 2015; 314 (15): 1599–1614.

  23. Burchakov D.V. Novye i modifitsiruemye faktory riska zabolevaniy molochnoy zhelezy. Effektivnaya farmakoterapiya [New and modifiable risk factors for breast diseases. Effective pharmacotherapy]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiya. 2017; 2: 22–27 (in Russian).

  24. Radzinskiy V.E. Meditsina molochnoy zhelezy i ginekologicheskie bolezni [Breast medicine and gynecological diseases]. Moscow: Redaktsiya zhurnala Status Praesens; 2017. 352 (in Russian).

  25. Belokrinitskaya T.E., Frolova I.I., Tarbaeva D.A., Glotova E.YU., Zolotareva A.A., Mal'tseva T.V. Konfaunding-faktory papillomavirusnoy infektsii i tservikal'noy displazii u molodykh zhenshchin [Confounding factors for papillomavirus infection and cervical dysplasia in young women]. Doktor.Ru. 2015; 14 (115): 7–12 (in Russian).

  26. Cuzick J., Sestak I., Bonanni B., Costantino J.P., Cummings S., DeCensi A., Dowsett M., Forbes J.F., Ford L., LaCroix A.Z., Mershon J., Mitlak B.H., Powles T., Veronesi U., Vogel V., Wickerham D.L. Selective oestrogen receptor modulators in prevention of breast cancer: an updated meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet. 2013; 381 (9880): 1827–1834.

  27. Rogovskaya S.I., Lipova E.V. Sheyka matki, vlagalishche, vul'va. Fiziologiya, patologiya, kol'poskopiya, esteticheskaya korrektsiya: rukovodstvo [Physiology, pathology, colposcopy, aesthetic correction: physician’s manual]. Moscow; 2016. 832 (in Russian).

  28. Vysotskaya I.V., Letyagin V.P., Cherenkov V.G., Laktionov K.P., Bublikov I.D. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii ROOM po profilaktike RMZH, differentsial'noy diagnostike, lecheniyu predopukholevykh i dobrokachestvennykh zabolevaniy molochnykh zhelez [Clinical recommendations of the Republican Society for the Prevention of Breast Cancer, differential diagnosis, treatment of precancerous and benign breast diseases]. Moscow: Rossiyskoe obshchestvo onkomammologov; 2015. 21 (in Russian).

  29. Wright T.C., Stoler M.H., Behrens C.M., Sharma A., Zhang G., Wright T.L. Primary cervical cancer screening with human papillomavirus: end of study results from the ATHENA study using HPV as the first-line screening test. Gynecol. Oncol. 2015; 136 (2): 189–197.

  30. Shawky M.S., Martin H., Hugo H.J. Mammographic density: a potential monitoring biomarker for adjuvant and preventative breast cancer endocrine therapies. Oncotarget. 2017; 8 (3): 5578–5591. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13484.

  31. Bebneva T.N., Muyzhnek E.L., Rogovskaya S.I., Kiselev V.I., Ashrafyan L.A. Patogeneticheskoe lechenie neoplasticheskikh protsessov sheyki matki: novye podkhody [Cervical neoplasia: New approaches to pathogenesis-oriented treatment]. Doktor.Ru. 2016; 3 (120): 9–14 (in Russian).

  32. Singer A., Khan A. Predrakovye zabolevaniya sheyki matki, vlagalishcha i vul'vy [Precancerous lesions of the cervix, vulva and vagina]: Translated from English. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2017. 312 (in Russian).

  33. Jeffers A.M., Sieh W., Lipson J.A., Rothstein J.H., McGuire V., Whittemore A.S., Rubin D.L. Breast cancer risk and mammographic density assessed with semiautomated and fully automated methods and BI-RADS. Radiology. 2017; 282 (2): 348–355. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016152062.

  34. Hooley R.J. Breast density legislation and clinical evidence. Radiol. Clin. North. Am. 2017; 55 (3): 513–526. DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2016.12.006.

  35. Bespalov V.G., Negustorov Yu.F. Mammograficheskaya plotnost' kak kriteriy effektivnosti lecheniya mastopatii i snizheniya riska raka molochnoy zhelezy [Mammographic density as a criterion for the effectiveness of mastopathy treatment and breast cancer risk reduction]. Opukholi zhenskoy reproduk-

    tivnoy sistemy. 2017; 13: 35–40 (in Russian).

  36. Syrtsova L.E., Semikopenko V.A. Zakonodatel'naya baza etapa skrininga v organizatsii onkologicheskoy pomoshchi pri dobrokachestvennykh zabolevaniyakh i rake molochnoy zhelezy [Review of the Russian legislation on the screening system of benign diseases and early stage of breast cancer]. Evraziyskiy soyuz uchenykh. 2016; 4–3 (25): 130–139 (in Russian).

  37. Bae J.M., Kim E.H. Breast density and risk of breast cancer in asian women: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J. Prev. Med. Public Health. 2016; 49 (6): 367–375. DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.16.054.PMID: 27951629.

  38. Hauge I.H., Pederson K., Olerud H.M., Hole E.O., Hofvind S. The risk of radiation – induced breast cancers due to biennial mammographic screening in women aged 50–69 years is minimal. Acta Radiol. 2014; 55 (10): 1174–1179.

  39. Sawaya G.F., Kulasingam S., Denberg T., Qaseem A. Cervical cancer screening in average-risk women. Ann. Intern. Med. 2015.

  40. Jahic М., Jahic Е. The diagnostic approach to patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance Pap on the cervix. Med. Arh. 2016; 70 (4): 296–298.

  41. Chou H.H., Huang H.J., Cheng H.H., Chang C.J., Yang L.Y., Huang C.C., Cheng-Tao Lin, Jian-Tai Qiu. Self-sampling HPV test in women not undergoing Pap smear for more than 5 years and factors associated with under- screening in Taiwan. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 2016; 115 (12): 1089–1096.

  42. Fang H.F., Miao N.F., Chen C.D., Sithole T., Chung M. Risk of cancer in patients with insomnia, parasomnia, and obstructive sleep apnea: a nationwide nested case-control study. J. Cancer. 2015. 6 (1): 1140–1147.

  43. Cobucci R., Maisonnette M., Macedo E., Filho F.C., Nóbrega M.M., Gonçalves A.K.S. Paptest accuracy and severity of squamous intraepithelial lesion. Indian J. Cancer. 2016. 53 (1): 74–76.

  44. Marochko K.V. Chuvstvitel'nost' metodov issledovaniya v vyyavlenii tservikal'noy intraepitelial'noy neoplazii i raka sheyki matki [Sensitivity of research methods in the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer]. Rossiyskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal. 2016; 2: 51–55 (in Russian).

  45. Agorastos T., Chatzistamatiou K., Katsamagkas T., Koliopoulos G., Daponte A., Constantinidis T., Constantinidis T.C. Primary screening for cervical cancer based on high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and HPV 16 and HPV 18 genotyping, in comparison to cytology. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (3): e0119755.

  46. Ma'som M., Bhoo-Pathy N., Nasir N.H., Bellinson J., Subramaniam S., Ma Y., Yap S.H., Goh P.P., Gravitt P., Woo Y.L. Attitudes and factors affecting acceptability of self-administered cervicovaginal sampling for human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping as an alternative to Pap testing among multiethnic Malaysian women. BMJ Open. 2016; 6 (8): e011022.

  47. Wong E.L.Y., Chan Paul K.S., Chor J.S.Y., Cheung A.W.L., Huang F., Wong S.Y.S. Evaluation of the impact of human papillomavirus DNA self-sampling on the uptake of cervical cancer screening. Cancer Nurs. 2016; 39 (1): 1–11.

  48. Murphy J., Kupets R., Elit L., Kapusta L., Nation J., Senikas V. Clinical Guidance: Recommended Best Practices for Delivery of Colposcopy Services in Ontario. Guidelines&Advice. 2016.

  49. Dobrokachestvennye i predrakovye zabolevaniya sheyki matki s pozitsii profilaktiki raka. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii (protokoly diagnostiki i vedeniya bol'nykh) [Benign and precancerous diseases of the cervix from the position of cancer prevention. Clinical recommendations (protocols for diagnosis and management of patients)]. Moscow; 2017. 53 (in Russian).

  50. Naomi Fujioka, Vincent Fritz, Pramod Upadhyaya, Fekadu Kassieand, Stephen S. Hecht. Research on cruciferous vegetables, indole-3-carbinol, and cancer prevention: A tribute to Lee W. Wattenberg. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2016; 60: 1228–1238.

  51. Kyrgiou M., Mitra A., Moscicki A.B. Does the vaginal microbiota play a role in the development of cervical cancer? Transl. Res. 2017; 179: 168–182.

  52. Valle I., Tramalloni D., Bragazzi N.L. Cancer prevention: state of the art and future prospects. J. Prev. Med. Hyg. 2015. 10 (56): 21–27.

  53. Giannella L., Mfuta K., Gardini G., Rubino T., Fodero C., Prandi S. High-grade CIN on cervical biopsy and predictors of the subsequent cone histology results in women undergoing immediate conization. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2015; 186: 68–74.